Kiimikada kale ee batroolka
Kiimikada kale ee batroolka
Fuuq-celinta waa fal-celin ay biyuhu ku daraan walax kale si ay u sameeyaan hal unug.Unugyada biyaha oo leh hydrogen iyo hydroxyl iyo molecules molecules unsaturated bond oo lagu daro si ay u sameeyaan xeryahooda cusub, habkani wuxuu door firfircoon ka ciyaaraa walxaha loo yaqaan 'hydration catalyst', habkan isku-dhafka ah ayaa lagu dabaqay wax soo saarka kiimikada organic.Habka fuuq-celinta waa mid ka mid ah hababka isku-dhafka dabiiciga ah, laakiin sida habka wax-soo-saarka muhiimka ah, waxay ku kooban tahay dhowr nooc oo badeecado ah, sida ethanol iyo diols.
Fuuqbaxa waxaa lagu samayn karaa kuleyl ama kicin ama falcelinta wakiilka fuuq baxa.Dareen-celinta fuuq-baxa waa dib-u-celinta fal-celinta fuuq-celinta, caadi ahaan fal-celinta endothermic, guud ahaan, heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska hooseeya ayaa ku habboon falcelinta.Intaa waxaa dheer, inta badan habka fuuq-baxa waa in lagu fuliyaa iyadoo ay joogaan kiciyayaal.Daroogada loo isticmaalo habka fuuq-celinta - kicinta aashitada ayaa sidoo kale ku habboon fuuq-baxa, sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waa sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, aluminium oxide iyo wixii la mid ah.Kiciyayaal kala duwan ayaa leh alaabooyin kala duwan iyo xulasho sare.
Alkylation waa ka wareejinta kooxda alkyl ee hal molecule oo loo wareejiyo mid kale.Dareen-celin kaas oo kooxda alkyl (methyl, ethyl, iwm.) lagu soo bandhigo molecule ka kooban.Walxaha alkylation caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo warshadaha waa olefin, halane, alkyl sulfate ester, iwm.
Nidaamka sifaynta caadiga ah, nidaamka alkylation wuxuu isku daraa alkenes miisaan yar (badanaa propylene iyo butene) oo leh isobutane iyadoo la adeegsanayo kicinta (sulfonic ama hydrofluoric acid) si ay u sameeyaan alkylates (inta badan octanes sare, alkanes dhinaca).Dareen-celinta alkylation waxaa loo qaybin karaa alkylation kulka iyo alkylation catalytic.Sababtoo ah heerkulka sare ee falcelinta alkylation-ka kulaylka, way fududahay in la soo saaro pyrolysis iyo falcelinta kale ee dhinaca, sidaas awgeed habka alkylation catalytic waxaa lagu qaataa warshadaha.
Sababtoo ah sulfuric acid iyo hydrofluoric acid waxay leeyihiin asiidh adag, daxalka qalabku waa mid halis ah.Sidaa darteed, marka laga eego dhinaca wax-soo-saarka badbaadada leh iyo ilaalinta deegaanka, labadan kicin ma aha wax-qabad ku habboon.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, superacid adag waxaa loo isticmaalaa kicinta alkylation, laakiin ma aysan gaarin heerka codsiga warshadaha ilaa hadda.
Is dhexgalka mid isomer iyo mid kale.Habka loo beddelo qaab-dhismeedka isku-xidhka iyada oo aan la beddelin hal-abuurkiisa ama miisaanka kelliyada.Isbeddelka booska atamka ama kooxda ku jira molecule ka kooban organic.Badanaa joogitaanka kicinta.
Hal nooc oo kaarboon-karboon ah ayaa loo beddeli karaa laba nooc oo kaarboon-karboon ah oo kala duwan iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka is-miidaminta, markaa isu-dheellitirnaanta ayaa ah mid ka mid ah hababka muhiimka ah ee lagu xakameeyo sahayda iyo baahida hydrocarbon ee warshadaha.Codsiyada ugu muhiimsan waa isku dheelitirnaanta toluene si loo kordhiyo wax soo saarka xylene iyo in la soo saaro benzene nadiif ah oo sarreeya isku mar, iyo propylene disproportionionation si loo soo saaro hababka triolefin ee ethylene-fasalka polymer iyo butene daahirsanaan sare leh.Beddelka toluene ee benzene iyo xylene guud ahaan waxay isticmaashaa kicinta aluminium silikon.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, cilmi-baarista ugu caansan waa kicinta shaandhada molecular, sida shaandhada molecular-ka ee meridionite.
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